So, I happened upon this piece of art on Tumblr recently, and my immediate thought was, "Wow, there's so much to analyze here; this is fantastic:"
Then my second thought was, "I wonder how much of what I'm seeing here was intentional."
And my third was, naturally, that it was time to write a new article.
I actually get asked a lot of questions about a postmodernist concept known as Death of the Author. It's a concept that, if we're talking strict definitions, comes from a guy named Roland Barthes, and describes a very particular type of metacriticism aimed at taking those damn Formalists (the New Critics, remember? I've talked about them before) down a few pegs. It marks a transition from discussion of "Works"--masterpieces from a single author that contain a prime theme of universal human relevance--to "Texts"--collections of signs that combine and contrast to form their own meanings. The Death of the Author is the death of the Work, and also, Barthes gleefully points out, the death of the Critic and the rise of the Reader.
But it's also paradoxically a pretty good description of the moves a lot of modern theorists made. The Formalists, for example, opened the floodgates to begin with, ironically enough, by suggesting that meaning resides in the text. They suggested that we had to interpret based not on historical details or the author's biography but rather on the elements contained within a work. Barthes and other Semiologists extended that logic further to the point where the author had virtually no control over interpretation, and everything took place on the level of signs. Reader Response critics asserted that meaning actually came from the reader rather than the text, and any act of interpretation actually was an act of self-reflection and should be explored as such. I'm a bit less familiar with the psychoanalytic critics, but even there the impression I've gotten is that they are interested in how the text reveals the intentions not of the conscious mind of the artist but of some deeper force (whether an Id or a Jungian collective unconscious asserting itself).
Whew.
Anyway, I don't want to dwell on the history of criticism here, I just want to give you a sense of how Death of the Author is an enduring concept common to most modern criticism, even if it doesn't go by that name. Same actor, different parts, yeah?
But what I'm driving at with all this is that there's lots of ways in which meaning can be constructed without the artist's direct intervention. In fact, what I want to at least attempt to demonstrate today is that these constructions are totally impossible to avoid. In other words, this isn't just a bunch of theory mumbo jumbo of interest only to scholars, this is something that happens in your head every time you confront a work of art.
Watch.
The first thing I'm confronted with in this illustration is its simple structural qualities--namely, the fact that it low key to the point of being barely comprehensible, save for the saint's gold halo. It's so dark than on some of your monitors it may actually be completely black. Uh, if that's the case, do adjust the brightness accordingly; it's really worth being able to see properly.
So, already there's a kind of magic going on as my brain has to react to the visual stimuli and start to compose a narrative of what it's seeing. The main thing I'm getting is that the halo is the most important point. I'm articulating that here because I've got the training and language to do so, but really that recognition of the halo's importance happens on a level below your conscious awareness before you can consciously process what it means--we see that bright yellow jump out at us, while the rest of the picture recedes into the background. The same principle is true even when such contrast isn't quite so glaringly obvious. (Huh, it's almost like I chose this example specifically because of how clear its formal components are. Crazy!)
Then, once I'm over how beautiful that thing crescent of gold is on that black background (and really, if you simplified it down to just its geometry, this is a gorgeous composition) I start to take in the features of the figure. The first thing I notice there is that it's, well, really damn good. It's a nice drawing. But it's also somewhat roughly done--elements like the spear are left unfinished as though this is just a study. Again we get the impression that it's the halo that is important, not the figure: the rough study quality suggests both that this is a quick portrait sketch, almost like a study for a larger work, and that the soft lines of the figure are of lower order concern, despite their beauty, than the strongly defined contours of the halo.
The figure is also somewhat feminine looking. This is perhaps surprising, given that it is a portrait of Saint George. In the very unlikely chance that anyone is unfamiliar with that particular saint, George was a slayer of dragons. Yeah. This youthful, effeminate fellow is Saint George the Dragon Slayer. I'll get to what all of that suggests in a moment, but let's just quickly note the posture of the figure--there are strong verticals throughout the piece and the composition as a whole sits within a fairly tall and narrow rectangle. All of this gives the figure a kind of regal authority and solidity. The figure is like a sturdy column.
So, we've reacted viscerally to the physical qualities and their aesthetic power. Now we start to piece together a story of what's going on, based on what signifiers we observe, and what associations they bring to mind.
Now, keep in mind that I'm laying all this out in detail but all of this is happening within the span of a few seconds in my mind, automatically. This is what I mean by these acts of interpretation being out of our control--I'm not willing myself to react to this stuff, I'm just taking it in, processing it, and spitting it back out.
But if I articulate the thought process what I get is this:
The halo, as the most important element of the piece compositionally, signifies the prime importance of the celestial, of the holy, in this picture. In fact, the figure is overshadowed (literally?) by the presence of the holy, and the picture suggests through color and value that Saint George and his heroic deeds are less important than the divine strength behind his power. What's more, instead of showing St George as a burly heroic figure of legend, as we might expect, or a proverbial Knight in Shining Armor, St George is depicted as a youth--unbowed and unflinching from our gaze, to be sure, but a youthful, almost delicate creature all the same. This subverts our expectation of what a St George should look like, and in response we are once again brought back to that heavenly strength that empowers the saint. Oh, but don't get too caught up in the androgynous gorgeousness of St George, because remember, that beauty is shrouded in shadow. Even as we contemplate the aesthetic qualities of the figure we are stymied and frustrated by the darkness of the image, doubly reprimanded by the upsetting of our expectations and desires, and finally forced to set aside our desire to sanctify the man, leaving us only with the contemplation of God.
Which is, like I said, not what consciously went through my mind when I saw this picture.
Lemme try to transcribe that quickly, I think it went something like:
"Holy fuck this is a pretty picture."
Aw yeah, nothing like the eloquence of the conscious mind.
But that's kind of the point--I reacted aesthetically and then semiotically before I reacted consciously. My mind's will to interpret took over before my mind's respect for Authorial Vision And Intent could take over and tell me to stop. Remember, I can't know whether any of that was intentional on the part of the artist. ("But what if you asked her, doofus? She's got a tumblr!" I'll get to that in a moment, Oh Ye of Little Faith.) I only take what I know--or have programmed into me by evolution--and spit out a reaction and a reading, and that composes my best guess at what the picture is attempting to tell me. The picture. Not the artist.
But... what if you just ask the artist? Why can't you do that?
Well, first of all, artists are liars. No, really, listen, I speak as an artist and writer here, and trust me, we're all liars at heart. I mean, most of what you do in fine art is a carefully constructed lie--even artists that work from life in an illusionistic style distort reality to better fit the way the human eye and mind interpret visual stimuli. And fiction writers... man, do I even need to get into how heavily fiction writers distort reality?
So, knowing all that... why do you expect an artist to suddenly start telling the truth when they put the keyboard or pencil down?
But alright, that is a snarky response, I admit it. Not all artists are out to dupe you. (Just most of the ones that win the Turner Prize.) But even then, we're left with this problem: if we already know how powerful the unconscious mind, the little homunculus that pushes the aesthetic and semiotic buttons in our heads, is... why should we elevate even the author's conscious mind over their own homunculus? How can we conclude that even an artist is fully aware of all the aesthetic gears and cogs in their own work, when so much goes into a piece? We have so little control over our initial interpretive efforts; it seems strange to me that we should give a single individual sole interpretive power just because that individual has an authorial claim.
And I mean, what artist, when given a complex, clever analysis of their work is going to say, "Nope, all that happened totally by chance"? The answer, of course, is an artist with more integrity than I have, because if any of you suckers come to me with a brilliant insight into my work, I fully intend to nod my head and say, in a sagely tone, "Ah yes, my child, you have understood well."
Artists: the snake oil salesmen of high culture.
Aaaanyway, I don't want to cast aspersion on Casey here with all this rambling, I just want to address some of the fundamental problems with relying on an authorial voice to guide your interpretation, since that voice is often unavailable, and often unreliable. That's not even to say that you must never agree with an authorial interpretation; that would be really goofy and kind of a dumb critical stance to take. I'm just saying that we have some power here, and that power comes from how interpretation happens automatically.
In fact, I have one more thing to say about how Death of the Author is conceptually unavoidable, and it has to do with the application of semiotic associations on a metatextual level.
I am so, so sorry for subjecting you to that sentence.
What I'm saying, in simple terms, is that there are associations that happen not just between signs in a text and other external signs, but associations between a text as a whole and other texts. There's kind of an interesting idea in the further weirder reaches of critical theory that texts talk to one another, and the more texts you read the more they all start to babble back and forth. And again, this is something you can't really turn off.
To stick with St George here, for example, I immediately associated it with two very different schools of work: Byzantine icons, and the ultraminimalist black on black paintings of Ad Reinhardt.
Remember how I ranted a few paragraphs ago about being a liar? Well, I may have tweaked the truth somewhat when I talked about how the piece compositionally suggests that St George is of lower concern than the holy power behind him. I say "may" because I'm not completely sure--this stuff happens all in a big, rapid jumble, remember? But I think I may have been influenced not just by my understanding of the composition but by my familiarity with the constant struggle in Eastern Orthodoxy over whether or not Icons count as Idols. The problem is that when you've got what is pretty much straight up a graven image--something the Bible explicitly forbids--representing saints that you pray to, it's always going to occur to someone that maybe, just maybe, the icons should be smashed like the heathen idols they actually are.
The way the Byzantines got around this was by constructing a rather complex and strange line of reasoning that, put simply, claimed the icons WERE the saints! They couldn't be graven images because they weren't images at all--they were literal manifestations through the artist's paint or mosaic tile of a heavenly being.
When I look at this piece, I can't stop knowing what I know about the Byzantines. I can't unlearn what I know about that conflict.
So when I look at this piece, I think to myself, "Wow, it's a depiction of a saint that remains an icon in form but devalues the person in favor of the holy ideal he represents. That's a clever solution to the Iconoclasm problem."
And really, I wouldn't want to turn off that bit of my mind even if I could. See, my understanding of the piece is greatly enriched by my knowledge of history, and even if Casey is not a Byzantine scholar, I need not limit my own understanding of the piece's historical context and what it says within that context to correspond to that limit.
In fact, I would go so far as to call this very specifically a kind of modernist icon, the kind of piece that could only exist at this historical moment in time. That's where Ad Reinhardt comes in. I've talked a bit about him before; he's the cat that started painting all black canvases that were actually complex slight variations on black in specific patterns. He was trying to achieve ultimate subtlety with his works, and I think some of that impulse is present in St George. There is the same interest in very subtle contrasts and in delicacy, and ultimately they have a similar effect: they invite deep, almost meditative contemplation. When combined with religious subject matter and iconography you get an icon that can only exist in a time of postmodern experimentation with form, but that ultimately calls back to a long tradition of religious art.
And those conclusions, whether consciously derived or not, begin with the confrontation between the text--the portrait of St George--and the repertoire in my head, the signifieds, signifiers, and associations, and the evolved or learned response to deep compositional structures.
We can argue theory all we want but in my mind the author is already dead. And in that death, just as Barthes suggested, the reader is given new life through the ability to interpret expressively and creatively. It's not a denegration of the author, it's just a recognition that there is a sphere beyond an author's intentions, and that's the sphere that we access in that first moment when, confronted by an object of stunning beauty, our minds spit out the primal interpretive insight:
"Holy fuck that's a pretty picture!"
Hahahaha this was supposed to be a short piece. Whoops. Check me out on Google+ at gplus.to/SamKeeper or on Twitter @SamFateKeeper. As always, you can e-mail me at KeeperofManyNames@gmail.com. If you liked this piece please share it on Facebook, Google+, Twitter, Reddit, Equestria Daily, Xanga, MySpace, or whathaveyou, and leave some thoughts in the comments below. Oh, and really, check out Casey's stuff. It's so cool.
The Worst Filing System Known To Humans
-Punk
(5)
A Song of Ice and Fire
(2)
Affect
(9)
Alienating My Audience
(31)
Animation
(27)
Anime
(17)
Anonymous
(3)
Anything Salvaged
(15)
Art Crit
(42)
Avatar the Last Airbender
(2)
Black Lives Matter
(1)
Bonus Article
(1)
Children's Media
(6)
Close Reading
(90)
Collaboration
(1)
comics
(29)
Cyborg Feminism
(3)
Deconstruction
(10)
Devin Townsend
(2)
Discworld
(1)
Evo Psych
(1)
Fandom Failstates
(7)
Fanfiction
(28)
Feminism
(23)
Fiction Experiments
(13)
Food
(1)
Fragments
(11)
Games
(29)
Geek Culture
(28)
Gender Shit
(1)
Getting Kicked Off Of TV Tropes For This One
(11)
Gnostic
(6)
Guest Posts
(5)
Guest: Ian McDevitt
(2)
Guest: Jon Grasseschi
(3)
Guest: Leslie the Sleepless Film Producer
(1)
Guest: Sara the Hot Librarian
(2)
Guest: Timebaum
(1)
Harry Potter
(8)
Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality
(3)
Has DC Done Something Stupid Today
(5)
Hauntology
(6)
Homestuck
(18)
How Very Queer
(35)
hyperallthethings
(10)
hyperanimation
(1)
Hypercomics
(10)
I Didn't Ask For Your Life Story Sheesh
(24)
Illustrated
(37)
In The Shadow Of No Towers
(1)
It Just Keeps Tumblring Down Tumblring Down Tumblring Down
(9)
It's D&D
(2)
Judeo-Christian
(9)
Lady Gaga
(5)
Let's Read Theory
(3)
Lit Crit
(19)
Living In The Future Problems
(11)
Lord of the Rings
(4)
Mad Max
(1)
Madoka Magica
(1)
Magic The Gathering
(4)
Manos
(2)
Marvel Cinematic Universe
(17)
Marx My Words
(15)
Medium Specificity
(15)
Meme Hell
(1)
Metal
(2)
Movies
(33)
Music
(26)
Music Videos
(21)
NFTs
(10)
Object Oriented Ontology
(4)
Occupy Wall Street
(3)
Pacific Rim
(2)
Paradise Lost
(2)
Parafiction
(6)
Patreon Announcements
(15)
Phenomenology
(4)
Poetry
(6)
Pokemon
(3)
Politics and Taxes and People Grinding Axes
(13)
PONIES
(9)
Pop Art
(6)
Raising My Pageranks Through Porn
(4)
Reload The Canons!
(7)
Remixes
(8)
Review Compilations
(6)
Room For You Inside
(2)
Science Fiction Double Feature
(30)
Self-Referential Bullshit
(23)
Semiotics
(2)
Sense8
(4)
Sociology
(12)
Spooky Stuff
(41)
Sports
(1)
Star Wars
(6)
Steven Universe
(3)
Surrealism
(11)
The Net Is Vast
(36)
Time
(1)
To Make An Apple Pie
(4)
Transhumanism
(9)
Twilight
(4)
Using This Thing To Explain That Thing
(120)
Video Response
(2)
Watchmen
(3)
Webcomics
(2)
Who Killed The World?
(9)
Reload the Canons!
This series of articles is an attempt to play through The Canon of videogames: your Metroids, your Marios, your Zeldas, your Pokemons, that kind of thing.
Except I'm not playing the original games. Instead, I'm playing only remakes, remixes, and weird fan projects. This is the canon of games as seen through the eyes of fans, and I'm going to treat fan games as what they are: legitimate works of art in their own right that deserve our analysis and respect.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
I read this. I feel both dumber and smarter. I wish I had English Major friends in real life. I apologize that I do not have more to say on the subject at hand.
ReplyDeleteSincerely,
MP666
I've actually had Death of the Author theory on the backburner of my mind for the past few weeks and have been meaning to learn more about it. What I've learned has helped me appreciate what Barthes has done for the study of literature. That said, I don't fully agree with this idea. I think it's kind of minimizing the political aspect of texts. Texts are weapons in creators' battles for agency, or sometimes even the battlefield (such as homosexual subtext in children's media). Basically, I'm working backwards from formalism and saying that at least some of the meaning of a text is not in the text itself but in the cultural forces that shaped it.
ReplyDelete